Commentary: Myanmar’s junta may have struck a deal with Russia to boost its imagery intelligence – but why? 

The Evolution of Myanmar’s Military Surveillance Capabilities: A Dual-Edged Sword

Introduction: The Importance of Intelligence in Myanmar’s Security Strategy

Myanmar, a country with limited financial resources, has consistently prioritized intelligence gathering to support its military operations. The ability to gather and analyze critical information has been a cornerstone of its defense strategy, even when foreign exchange resources are scarce. This emphasis on intelligence has grown more sophisticated over the years, particularly after the transition to a quasi-civilian government in 2012. With the advent of new technologies and increased access to global markets, Myanmar’s military has significantly expanded its capabilities in surveillance and reconnaissance.

Satellite Imagery: A Game-Changer for Myanmar’s Intelligence Gathering

The post-2012 period marked a significant turning point for Myanmar’s intelligence capabilities. The global proliferation of satellite imagery, both freely available and through commercial arrangements, provided the country with unprecedented access to high-resolution imagery. This included not only electro-optical photography but also infrared imaging, which greatly enhanced the military’s ability to monitor activities on the ground. Platforms like Google Earth and commercial satellite providers offered Myanmar a cost-effective way to gather intelligence without the need for expensive, locally developed systems. This shift not only improved the accuracy of military operations but also allowed Myanmar to monitor its borders and internal movements with greater precision.

The Rise of Drone Technology in Myanmar’s Arsenal

In addition to satellite imagery, Myanmar has invested heavily in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to bolster its surveillance capabilities. The military is believed to operate at least 11 Sky-02A surveillance drones, purchased from China, as well as 22 domestically produced Yellow Cat A2 drones. These UAVs are equipped with digital color and infrared video cameras, enabling them to gather real-time intelligence during both day and night operations. The acquisition of these drones represents a significant leap forward in Myanmar’s ability to conduct reconnaissance without the risks associated with manned aircraft.

Combat Drones: Expanding Myanmar’s Surveillance Reach

Between 2013 and 2015, Myanmar further enhanced its UAV capabilities by purchasing a dozen CH-3A drones from China. While the CH-3A is not the most advanced combat drone in China’s arsenal, it is a capable platform that can conduct long-range surveillance missions and gather high-quality imagery. These drones have proven to be particularly useful in monitoring large areas and tracking movements over extended periods. The CH-3A’s versatility has allowed Myanmar to deploy it in various operational scenarios, from border surveillance to internal security missions.

Regional Tensions and the Use of Drones in Controversial Operations

The use of drones by Myanmar’s military has not gone unnoticed by its neighbors. In 2017, the Bangladesh government accused Myanmar of deploying drones to monitor Rohingya refugee movements along the border. These operations were likely aimed at tracking the activities of the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), a militant group active in the region. The use of drones in this context highlights the growing role of technology in modern conflict, where nations increasingly rely on unmanned systems to gather intelligence and monitor potential threats.

Drones as Tools of Suppression: Post-Coup Surveillance

The 2021 military coup in Myanmar marked a new chapter in the use of surveillance technology for internal control. CH-3 surveillance drones were reportedly deployed to monitor street protests organized by the civil disobedience movement. The use of drones in this context underscores the dual nature of surveillance technology, which can be used both to enhance national security and to suppress dissent. As Myanmar’s military continues to invest in UAVs and other surveillance tools, the balance between security and civil liberties remains a critical issue.

Conclusion: The Double-Edged Nature of Surveillance in Myanmar

Myanmar’s investment in surveillance technology reflects the global trend of nations leveraging advanced tools to enhance their military and security capabilities. While these technologies have undoubtedly improved Myanmar’s ability to gather intelligence and conduct operations, they also raise concerns about privacy, civil liberties, and the potential for abuse. As the country continues to navigate the complexities of governance and security, the ethical use of surveillance technology will remain a critical issue.